This refers to the contribution a school makes to the education of its pupils. If one or more pupils scores higher in National Tests, GCSE or A Level than would have been predicted on the basis of their known earlier level of achievement, the difference is attributed to ‘value-added’ by the school. The concept is usually linked with baseline assessment, since the latter is required to establish the entry level from which the subsequent performance may be judged. Another link is with the term ‘Effective School’, used to designate well-run school which are measurably improving the prospects of their pupils, by adding value.